Stuart period

Stuart period

The Royal House of Stuart | | James I   Charles I   Charles II | | James II Mary II Anne
Preceded by	House of Tudor
Followed by	House of Hanover

The Stuart period of British history usually refers to the period between 1603 and 1714 and sometimes from 1371 in Scotland. This coincides with the rule of the House of Stuart, whose first monarch was James VI of Scotland. The death of Queen Elizabeth I without any heirs, last of the Tudors, left England without any English King or Queen. The English were now ruled by a Scottish king. The regicide of King Charles I brought a temporary end to the rule by the Stuarts. England then became a Republic under Oliver Cromwell. The Stuarts were then restored to the throne under Charles II in 1660. The period ended with the death of Queen Anne and accession of George I from the House of Hanover. The Stuart era experienced many changes: a gunpowder plot, civil and naval wars, a glorious revolution, regicide of a king, a republic, the great plague, and a great fire in London. This was the era of Shakespeare, Wren, Galileo, Newton and Samuel Pepys to name but a few. The era saw the settlement of the Americas, trade with the Spice Islands, the birth of steam engines, microscopes, coffee houses and newspapers.

Flags, coins and styles (1606–1707)

English Commons 1608

This James I proclamation of 12 April 1606 legislated an amalgamation of the English and Scottish flags, initiating the design of the current Union Flag.

By the King: Whereas, some differences hath arisen between Our subjects of South and North Britaine travelling by Seas,
about the bearing of their Flagges: For the avoiding of all contentions hereafter. We have, with the advice of our Council, ordered: That
from henceforth all our Subjects of this Isle and Kingdome of Great Britaine, and all our members thereof, shall beare in their main-toppe
the Red Crosse, commonly called St. George's Crosse, and the White Crosse, commonly called St. Andrew's Cross,
joyned together according to the forme made by our heralds, and sent by Us to our 'Admerall' to be published to our Subjects:
and in their fore-toppe our Subjects of South Britaine shall weare the Red Crosse onely as they were wont,
and our Subjects of North Britaine in their fore-toppe the White Crosse onely as they were accustomed. – 1606. ^[1][2]}}

Half-crown of Charles II
MAGNAE BRITANNIAE REX

“

The miraculous and happy Union of England and Scotland, by how 'admirable' means it is effected, how profitable to both nations, and how free of any inconvenience, either past, present, or to be discerned.[3]

”

James I was the first British monarch to use the style "King of Great Britain." ^[2] Non-statutory use of this style is found on heraldic and vexillogical symbolism, such as the king's Great Seals of Office, the Royal Arms, and coinage. The style "King of Great Britain" (MAGNAE BRITANNIAE REX) appears on all Great Seals instead of a more formally correct "king of England and Scotland" (ANGLIAE SCOTIAE REX) in 1625–1627, 1640–1649, 1660–1689, and 1695–1707. The coins of James I and his successors used MAGNAE BRITANNIAE REX, as seen on the half crown of Charles II. ^[4]

Lifestyles of the period

Social lifestyles

Stuart period: Coffee House

Many strictures were placed on society by the Puritans. Amongst other things, the Puritans banned gambling, cockfights, the theatre, and even Christmas. The arrival of Charles II brought relief from the warlike and strict society that people had lived in for several years. The theatre returned, along with expensive fashions such as the periwig. The British Empire had been expanding since the Elizabethian era, and along with much wealth returning to the country, expensive luxury items were appearing. Sugar and coffee from the East Indies, tea from India and slaves from Africa were all essential items forming the backbone of trade, becoming the basis of London society. One person in nine is estimated to have lived in London near the end of the Stuart period and, as a hub of trade, expensive goods from all over accumulated there. Coffee houses were becoming the centers of business and social life. Only coffee, tea and chocolate were served (no alcohol). Here news could be had, conversation, arguments, meetings, card games, wagers made, workmen could be paid. These products can be considered as beginning the consumer society which, while it promoted trade and brought development and riches to society, helped widen the gap between rich and poor. At the beginning of the Stuart period, James I authorised a new translation of the Bible known as the King James Bible or Authorised Version. This was an important event in clearly separating the Anglican and Catholic churches, just as the Book of Common Prayer had done fifty years earlier. As a standard text it was also a major influence on English literature, language and thought for centuries to come. Newspapers, a fairly new invention, soon became important tools of social discourse, and diarists such as Samuel Pepys are some of the best sources we have of everyday life in Restoration England.

Political society

Levellers' Manifest of 1649

The Stuart period was plagued by political, internal and religious strife. During the Interregnum there were two types of government: the Commonwealth and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. Both these governments were based on the rule of the same class of gentry and wealthy merchants, who had formed the majority of the electorate to Parliament before the Civil War. The old ruling class faced challenges to their position by other sections of society. The most important of these were the Levellers, who wished to "level" society, removing class distinctions to make all men equal. They wished for universal suffrage for all adult male householders, regular elections and abolition of all tithes – which would break the power of the established church.

Public transport

Since 1600 public carriages for hire were a feature of London life. Travel by coach was the regular public transport, which filled the road with traffic. The discarded coaches of aristocratic families, complete with their coat of arms, were among the first hackney carriages to ply for hire. The first hackney-carriage licences date from 1662, and applied literally to horse-drawn carriages, later modernised as Hansom cabs (1834), that operated as vehicles for hire. This public transport was first introduced to England by Captain Bailey, who standardised fares and issued licences for London Hackney Carriage. Road signs and the first road atlas by John Ogilvy further revolutionised the transport system, and standardised the mile.

Science and technology

Jethro Tull: Seed drill, 1701

• The Fire Office of Nicholas Barbon led to the development of the first professional fire service.
• The seed drill allowed Jethro Tull to put his revolutionary new planting techniques into practice, leading to modern agriculture.
• The fountain pen was first mentioned in the diaries of Samuel Pepys and it allowed him to write on the move.
• Colourfast dyes were created in Britain’s first chemical works at Ravenscar when supplies of the mordant alum were cut-off.
• The three-piece suit and necktie were created by Charles II as a political weapon in his war against France.
• Properties of gases investigated by Robert Boyle and Richard Townley led to the invention of the pressure cooker.
• The steam engine was invented by Thomas Newcomen to drain water from the coalmines of the Midlands.
• The pendulum clock based on Galileo's principles was invented by Christiaan Huygens and led to the establishment of GMT.
• Lunar observations of John Wilkins based on the previous observations of Galileo challenged long held views of the heavens.
• Principia by Isaac Newton established three simple laws that revolutionised our view of the universe.
• The microscope as refined by Robert Hook and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek allowed the microscopic world to be viewed in detail.
• The diving bell as refined by Edmund Halley allowed the investigation of the depths of the ocean.
• The micrometer devised by William Gascoigne proved Johannes Kepler’s theories of elliptical planetary motion.

Literature and art

"First Folio" – Plays

• William Shakespeare (1564–1616), English poet and playwright, is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon", producing most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the sixteenth century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language.
• John Speed (1552–1629) was a historian, best remembered as a cartographer. It was with the encouragement of William Camden that he began his Historie of Great Britaine, first published in 1611. His atlas The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine was published in 1610/11, and contained the first set of individual county maps of England and Wales, maps of Ireland, and a general map of Scotland. Just before his death in 1627 Speed published A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World, which was the first world atlas produced by an Englishman. In 1611, he also published The genealogies recorded in the Sacred Scriptures according to every family and tribe with the line of Our Savior Jesus Christ observed from Adam to the Blessed Virgin Mary, a biblical genealogy, reprinted several times during the 17th century.^[5]

Notable events

Gunpowder Plot (1605)

English Civil War (1642–1651)

The English Civil Wars, also known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, took place in the reign of Charles I, the second Stuart monarch. This ended in victory for the Parliamentarians under Oliver Cromwell, when Charles I was executed in 1649. After this conflict the line of Stuart monarchs was temporarily displaced by the Commonwealth of England (1649–1660). This was ruled directly by Oliver Cromwell (1653–1659). After Cromwell's death the Commonwealth fell apart and the Convention Parliament welcomed Charles II, who returned from exile to become king. This is known as the English Restoration.

Interregnum – Restoration (1651–1660)

Charles II Coronation c.1661

Timeline

(1652): First Anglo-Dutch War begins (ends 1654). (1653): Cromwell disolves Rump, becomes Protector. (1655): Major-Generals appointed to supervise districts of England. Jamaica seized by English. (1658): Death of Cromwell. (1660): Restoration of Charles II in Britain. (future) George I born in Hanover. Royal Society founded. (1661): "Clarendon Code" beginning of persecution of Non-conformists in England. (1664): New York taken by English. Second Anglo-Dutch War (ends 1667). (1665): Great Plague of London. (1666): Great Fire of London. Newton discovers law of gravitation. (1667): Dutch Fleet in the Medway. (1670): Secret treaty of Dover between Charles II and Louis XIV. (1672): Third Anglo-Dutch Wars (ends 1674). William of Orange leader of Dutch against French invasion. (1673): Test Act deprives Catholics and Non-conformists of public offices. (1675): Greenwich Royal Observatory founded. (1678): "Popish Plot" of Titus Oates utilised by Shaftsbury and Whigs to bring pressure on Charles II. (1679): Bothwell Brig: suppression of Scottish Convenanters. Habeas Corpus Act passed. (1681): Oxford Parliament (1681): Charles II overcomes opponents begins to rule without Parliament. (1683): Rye House Plot. (1685): Sedgemoor: Monmouths rebellion crushed by James II. Glorious revolution (1688)

Great Plague of London (1665)

The Great Plague (1665–1666) was a massive outbreak of bubonic plague in the Kingdom of England that killed an estimated 100,000 people, 20% of London's population.^[7] In 1603, the plague killed 30,000 Londoners.^[8] In the 1636 plague 10,000 died; in 1625, some 35,000 died.^[9] The English outbreak is thought to have spread from the Netherlands, where the bubonic plague had occurred intermittently since 1599, with the initial contagion arriving with Dutch trading ships carrying bales of cotton from Amsterdam. Amsterdam was ravaged in 1663–1664, with a mortality given as 50,000.^[10] The dock areas outside of London, and the parish of St. Giles-in-the Fields where poor workers crowded into ill-kept structures, were the first areas struck by the plague. On 2 and 3 September 1666, the Great Fire of London destroyed much of the City of London. At about the same time, the plague tapered off.

Panorama of the City of London in 1616 by Claes Visscher. Note the tenement housing on London Bridge (far right), a notorious death-trap in case of fire, although much had been destroyed in an earlier fire in 1632.

Great Fire of London (1666)

Following the Great Fire of London, the notable architect Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723), introduced Neo-classical architecture to London, and was one of the highest acclaimed English architects in history, responsible for rebuilding 51 churches in the City of London after the Great Fire in 1666, including his masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral, completed in 1710.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

William III landing at Brixham, Torbay, 5 November 1688

Timeline

(1688): Seven Bishops protest against James II's policy of tolleration, and are acquitted, William of Orange lands in England. Flight of James II. "Glorious Revolution". (1689): Derry relieved: James II fails to subdue Irish Protestants. Killiecrankie: death of Dundee, Highland rising collapses. Bill of Rights defines liberties established by "Glorious Revolution." (1690): Beachy Head: French defeat over Anglo-Dutch fleet. Boyne: William III defeats James II. (1691): Limerick capitulates: James II Irish supporters surrender. (1692): Massacre of Glencoe: Government "lesson" to Highlanders. (1693): National Debt of England begun. (1694): Bank of England founded. (1695): Press licensing ended: Freedom of the press in England. (1700): Great Northern War (1700–1721) (1701): War of the Spanish Succession begins. Act of Settlement 1701 establishes Protestant Hanoverian Succession in England. (1704): Gibraltar taken by Rooke. Blenheim: Marlborough stops France from winning war. (1706): Ramillies: Marlborough's second victory.

Acts of Union (1707)

(1707): Act of Union unites English and Scottish Parliaments. (1708): Oudenarde: Marlboroughs third great victory. (1709): Malplaquet: Marlboroughs fourth great victory (at great cost in lives) (1710): Tory government in England. (1711): Dismissal of Marlborough. (1714): Death of Queen Anne. Accession of George I, and Hanoverian Dynasty. Whig oligarchy rules.

Anne (1665-1714)

Stuart family Monarchs (1603–1714)

The House of Stuart produced six English monarchs who ruled during this period. The succession of James VI of Scotland to the English throne in 1603, brought both the kingdoms of England and Scotland under his rule, in what was known as the Union of Crowns. Over a century later, the Acts of Union 1707, passed during the reign of the last Stuart monarch, Anne, amalgamated the two kingdoms, England and Scotland, into a single Kingdom of Great Britain.

James I	Charles I
Charles II	James II
Mary II	Anne

Arms of the Stuart monarchs 1603-1707	Commonwealth
England Arms	St. George
Scotland Arms	Scots saltire

 King James I (1603 to 1625). Son of Mary Queen of Scots and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. King of Scotland alone, 1567–1603, until inheriting the titles King of England and Ireland, including claim to France from the extinct Tudors.

 King Charles I (1625 to 1649). Son of James VI of Scotland & I of England & Ireland. After the English Civil War, Charles I was executed in 1649. The country then became a Republic under Oliver Cromwell, until the restoration of Charles II in 1660.
 King Charles II (1660 to 1685). Son of Charles I of England, Scotland & Ireland. In exile from 1649 to 1660, during a republican period of government known as the Commonwealth of England.

 King James II (1685 to 1688). Brother of Charles II of England, Scotland & Ireland, who died with no legitimate issue. Son of Charles I. Overthrown at the Revolution of 1688.

 Queen Mary II (1689 to 1702). Daughter of James II of England and Ireland & VII of Scotland, (deemed as having abdicated). Reigned with William III of House of Orange-Nassau. who outlived his wife.

 Queen Anne (1702 to 1714). Sister of Mary II. daughter of James II of England and Ireland & VII of Scotland. Died without surviving issue, succession passes to George I of the House of Hanover.

Queen Anne's Family Tree

16. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley

8. James I of England

17. Mary, Queen of Scots

4. Charles I of England

18. Frederick II of Denmark

9. Princess Anne of Denmark

19. Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

2. James II of England

20. Antoine of Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme

10. Henry IV of France

21. Jeanne III of Navarre

5. Princess Henrietta Maria of France

22. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

11. Marie de' Medici

23. Archduchess Johanna of Austria

1. Anne of Great Britain

24. Lawrence Hyde

12. Henry Hyde

25. Anne Sibell

6. Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon

26. Edward Langford

13. Mary Langford

27. Mary Hyde

3. Anne Hyde

28. William Aylesbury

14. Thomas Aylesbury

29. Anne Poole

7. Frances Aylesbury

30. Francis Denman

15. Anne Denman

31. Anne Blount

Anne became Queen regnant of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1702, succeeding William III. When James II was deemed abdicated during the Glorious Revolution (1688-89), her sister and brother-in-law became joint monarchs William III and Mary II. After Mary's death in 1694, William was monarch until his death in 1702. Queen Anne's War (1702–1713), between France and England (later Great Britain) was fought in North America, as part of the War of the Spanish Succession, primarily fought in Europe. Anne reigned until 1714; The last Stuart Queen of England and Scotland - and of this Stuart period.

See also

• House of Stuart
• Kingdom of England
• Kingdom of Scotland
• Jacobitism, for further information on the House of Stuart and their decline
• The family trees of the Stuarts: Scottish branch – England and Scotland united
• Clan Stuart

External links

• What the Stuarts Did for Us at the Internet Movie Database
• Proclamation styling James I King of Great Britain on October 20, 1604
• The Calendar of State Papers Domestic: James I, 1603–1610
• Works by James I of England at Project Gutenberg
• Stewart Scotland on the official website of the British monarchy
• Stuart Britain on the official website of the British monarchy
• Jacobites on the official website of the British monarchy

English Navy Battles (1605–1692)

England   English Navy Battles (1605–1692)

Naval Battles (1605–1692)

James I

• 1605 Dover: Dutch fleet attacks and partly destroys a Spanish fleet of transport ships.

Swally: British East India Company fleet defeats Portuguese fleet near Surat, India

• 1615 English defeat Portuguese in mainly minor skirmishes

English vs Dutch near Jakarta+

English defeat Portuguese

• 1622 English and Dutch defeat Portuguese near Mozambique

English naval bombardment of Algiers

English and Dutch defeat Portuguese+

Charles I

• 1626 French with hired English and Dutch ships defeat Huguenot fleet near Rochelle

English defeat Venetians/French at Scanderoon +

• 1629 Dutch under Piet Heyn defeat Dunkirkers off Scotland; Heyn is killed

Battle of the Downs – Dutch under Tromp defeat Spanish under D'Oquendo in the English Channel

English Civil War

The English Civil War(s) took place in the reign of Charles I, the second Stuart monarch. This ended in victory for the Parliamentarians and Charles was executed in 1649.

Charles I

• 1629 Charles I dissolves Parliament determined to govern without one.
• 1633 Archbishop Laud translated to be Archbishop of Canterbury
• 1634–40 Ship Money Case
• 1637 Hampden's case supports Charles I's claim to collect Ship money
• 1637–40 Breakdown of Charles's government of Scotland and two attempts to impose his will by force
• 1640 Long Parliament summoned
• 1641 Remodeling of the government in England and Scotland; abolition of conciliar courts.
• 1642 King Charles raised standard at Nottingham. The Battle of Edgehill (Indecisive).
• 1644 Battle of Marston Moor (Parliamentary Victory)
• 1645 Battle of Naseby (Parliamentary Victory)
• 1646 Charles I surrendered to Scottish Army.
• 1648 Royalist and Presbyterian rising supressed by Cromwell and New Model Army.
• 1649 Charles I beheaded.
• 1649–50 Cromwell Invaded Ireland
• 1650 Cromwell defeated Royalists under "King Charles II" at Dunbar, Scotland.
• 1651 Battle of Worcester, the last battle of the Civil War, Parliamentary Victory.

After this conflict the line of Stuart monarchs was temporarily displaced by the Commonwealth of England (1649 to 1660). This was ruled directly by Oliver Cromwell in the period 1653 to 1659. After Cromwell's death the Commonwealth fell apart and the Convention Parliament welcomed Charles II, son of Charles I to return from exile and become king. This event was known as the English Restoration.

James II

• 1689 Battle of Bantry Bay: French defeat English off SW Ireland

French vs English near Casquets

Beachy Head: (Beveziers) French defeat Anglo-Dutch fleet

French vs English and Dutch near Madras

Mary II

• 1692 Barfleur and La Hougue Decisive defeat of French by English and Dutch in the War of the Grand Alliance

French defeat English+

Dogger Bank: French defeat Dutch

French and English fight in Newfoundland

Fight near San Domingo

Scottish Wars (1603–1715)

Scotland    Scottish wars (1603–1714)

Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Date 1644—1651 Location Scotland Result Covenanters defeat Royalists but are themselves defeated by an English Parliamentarian conquest of Scotland in 1650–51.
Belligerents
Scottish Royalists and Irish Catholic Confederate troops	Scottish Covenanters
Commanders and leaders
James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose	Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll and David Leslie
Strength
Fluctuating, 2000–4000 troops at any one time	over 30,000 troops, but many based in England and Ireland
Casualties and losses
Total of 28,000 battlefield deaths on both sides, more soldiers die from disease, c. 45,000 civilian deaths, both from disease and deliberate targeting

Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms Tippermuir – Aberdeen – Inverlochy – Auldearn – Carlisle – Alford – Kilsyth – Philiphaugh – Rhunahaorine Moss – Dunaverty – Mauchline Muir – Preston – Stirling – Carbisdale – Dunbar – Inverkeithing – Worcester – Tullich – Achdalieu – Achintore – Strone Nevis – Dalnaspidal

The Battle of Glen Fruin
Part of the Scottish clan wars
Date 7 February 1603 Location Glen Fruin, Scotland grid reference NS27608940 [12] Result Clan Gregor victory
Belligerents
Clan Gregor, allied men	Clan Colquhoun, allied men
Commanders and leaders
Alasdair MacGregor of Glenstrae	Sir Humphrey Colquhoun of Luss
Strength
300–400 combined force	600–800 combined force, including a large proportion of cavalry
Casualties and losses
very light	200–300 dead

• 1603 Battle of Glen Fruin: 400 MacGregors ambush a large number of Colquhouns, they took no prisoners and killed 140. Two days before he assumed the title King of England, King James VI held a judicial review of the incident. The MacGregor name was banned

• 1644 Battle of Tippermuir: Marching towards Perth, the Duke of Montrose was blocked by Covenanters led by Lord Elcho, who commanded the garrison at Perth. Montrose was victorious and marched into Perth, to the discomfort of local clergy.

• 1645 Battle of Inverlochy: The Marquis of Montrose, after his success at the Battle of Tippermuir (see below), was being pursued by a Covenanting force led by the Marquis of Argyll and his Campbell clan (though a General Baillie also though he was in command and the two men could not stand the sight of one another!). Argyll's forces amounted to 3,000 experienced Highland fighters; Montrose had about half that but they were also well trained – and included a contingent of MacDonalds who had scores to settle with the Campbells. Montrose showed his skill as a general and confused Covenanters who were subsequently routed – it is said that 1,500 Campbells and their alliers were killed that day.

• 1645 Battle of Aldearn: While encamped at Auldearn, outside Nairn, Montrose was surprised by a large force of Covenanters but fought back and defeated them. The Covenanter army lost 2,000 men that day.

• 1645 Battle of Kilsyth: The Marquis of Montrose leads his royalist force of Highlanders and Irish to another victory at Kilsyth, leaving him in control of much of Scotland. In England, King Charles I was defeated at the Battle of Naseby against Cromwell.

• 1650 Battle of Dunbar: Oliver Cromwell advanced into Scotland, with 16,000 men, supported by ships along the east coast, in pursuit of King Charles I. The Scots army, led by David Leslie, thwarted his attempts to take the port of Leith and Cromwell retired to Dunbar. The pursuing Scottish army was badly organized for the battle, and Cromwell won not only won the battle, but was able to hold sway over most of Lowland Scotland.

• 1651 Battle of Worcester: After the Royalists were defeated by Cromwell at Dunbar in 1650, Charles II was nevertheless crowned at Scone in 1651. Harried by Cromwell, the King decided to march south into England, hoping for a popular rising in his favour. He was unsuccessful and Cromwell cornered him and his army at Worcester in September. The 28,000 "New Model Army" overwhelmed the 16,000 Royalist forces of Cromwell.

• 1666 Battle of Rullion Green: After the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, the king attempted to impose his Episcopalian ideas on the Church of Scotland, replacing clergy who would not co-operate. The new ministers were not popular and in November 1666 and there was a rebellion, starting in Galloway but spreading throughout the south-west. As the Covenanters advanced towards Edinburgh they were pursued by Sir Thomas (Tam) Dalyell who fought with 1,000 of them in the Pentland Hills at Rullion Green. The rebels were overwhelmed. Some were hung, many others were transported abroad.

• 1679 Battle of Bothwell Bridge: 10,000+ government forces, led by Monmouth and Graham of Claverhouse, dispersed 6,000 Covenanters who had gathered at Hamilton.

• 1689 Battle of Killiecrankie: The Jacobites, led by James Graham, Viscount Dundee, gathered at Killiecrankie. Many of the Highland clans assembled there in support of James VII, including; Cameron of Lochiel, MacLean of Duart, MacDonald, Stewart, McNeil, MacLeods and Fraser. The government forces of King William, under Hugh Mackay of Scourie, advanced through the Pass of Killiecrankie and joined battle. After a fierce conflict, government forces retreated. But the cost to the Jacobites was high, their commander, Viscount Dundee was killed by a musket shot. Just at this moment of victory, the Jacobite cause was lost as there was no-one of his stature to lead them.

• 1689 Battle of Dunkeld: After the death of James Graham, Viscount Dundee, at Killiecrankie, the Jacobite army had no leader of quality. In August, 5,000 clansmen attacked Dunkeld, held by a much smaller Government force of Cameronians. They fought a determined rear-guard action through the town, killing many of the attacking Jacobites in the process. Eventually, the Jacobites withdrew and, with the onset of winter, the Highlanders dispersed. With the defeat of James VII at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland the following year, Dunkeld was the last battle in Scotland in the 17th century to restore the Stewarts to the throne.

• 1690 Battle of the Boyne: Using finance and troops supplied by Louis XIV of France, James VII made a final attempt to regain his throne. He landed in Ireland where he had a large number of supporters amongst the Catholic community. King William (of Orange) personally led an army of 30,000 men, outnumbering the Jacobites. As James advanced towards Dublin, the armies met west of Drogheda, at the river Boyne. James was defeated and fled back to France.

• 1715 Battle of Sherrifmuir: The Earl of Mar, leading the Jacobite forces in support of James Francis Edward Stewart (the "Old Pretender"), had taken control of most of Scotland north of Perth. The government forces led by the Duke of Argyll advanced from the south and the two armies met on the hills of Sherrifmuir, east of Dunblane in November 1715. After an inconclusive battle, the Jacobites withdrew. The Old Pretender arrived in Scotland (much later than expected) in December 1715 but stayed only six weeks before being persuaded to return to France.

References

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